Paternal High-Fat Diet Exposure Induces Adverse Effects on Offspring Health: a Systematic Review of Animal Studies

Abstract This systematic review examined the effects of paternal exposure to a high-fat diet on the likelihood of offspring developing health consequences, including metabolic conditions. While the connection between a mother's diet and offspring health has been well established, our understanding of whether offspring health is affected by a father's diet remains limited. This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) recommendations. The PubMed, Scopus, and Embase electronic databases were searched using combinations of the MESH terms: obesogenic diet, high-fat diet, cafeteria diet, paternal diet, parental diet, programming, paternal effects, and paternal programming. Sixteen studies were selected after assessing articles for eligibility criteria. The main outcomes concerning offspring health related to metabolic disorders. The offspring of fathers exposed to a high-fat diet displayed elevated gene expression and serum levels of leptin, decreased gene expression and serum levels of adiponectin, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, changes in the transcriptome of pancreatic islet tissues, increased triglycerides, and increased expression of lipogenic genes. The available evidence suggests that paternal exposure to a high-fat diet may induce harmful effects on the health of offspring.

Efeitos do consumo materno e/ou paterno de extrato de amora-preta ( Rubus spp. ) na suscetibilidade da prole feminina à carcinogênese mamária quimicamente induzida / Blackberry ( Rubus spp. ) extract maternal and/or paternal consumption effects on female offspring susceptibility to chemically-induced breast carcinogenesis.

O câncer de mama é o segundo tipo de neoplasia mais prevalente no mundo e o mais comum entre as mulheres. É descrito que o padrão de consumo alimentar materno e paterno está relacionado à suscetibilidade da prole ao desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, inclusive o câncer. A amora-preta é uma das frutas com maior conteúdo antioxidante e seus compostos bioativos possuem atividade antioxidante, anticarcinogênica e anti-inflamatória. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho propõe avaliar os efeitos do consumo materno e/ou paterno de extrato de amora-preta (Rubus spp.) na suscetibilidade da prole feminina ao desenvolvimento de neoplasias mamárias quimicamente induzidas. Para tanto, camundongos da linhagem C57BL/6 foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos: pai amora (PA), mãe amora (MA), pai e mãe amora (PMA) e controle (CTRL). Os pais receberam extrato de amora-preta logo após o desmame durante 8 semanas e as mães receberam o extrato durante a gestação e lactação. O extrato de amora-preta foi administrado na água de beber (0.84g de antocianinas/L) ad libitum. Os pais tratados com extrato de amora apresentaram redução na atividade enzimática da superóxido dismutase (SOD) e da catalase (CAT) no testículo (p<0.05 e p<0.001, respectivamente), aumento na capacidade antioxidante plasmática, na porcentagem de espermatozoides normais e na produção diária de espermatozóides em relação ao grupo controle (p<0.001 para todos). Além disso, os grupos PA, MA e PMA apresentaram aumento na taxa de prenhez (p<0.05) e redução da mortalidade perinatal (p<0.01, p<0.05 e p<0.001, respectivamente). Em relação à prole feminina não submetida à carcinogênese foi observada redução na capacidade antioxidante plasmática nos grupos PA (p<0.001) e MA (p<0.01), enquanto o grupo PMA apresentou aumento nesse parâmetro (p<0.001). No desenvolvimento da glândula mamária, houve aumento do desenvolvimento epitelial nos grupos PA, MA e PMA (p<0.001 para todos), de diferenciação nos grupos MA e PMA (p<0.01 para ambos) e da taxa de apoptose nos grupos MA e PMA (p<0.05), além de redução no número de TEBs nos grupos PA, MA e PMA (p<0.01, p<0.001 e p<0.001, respectivamente). Não foram observadas alterações significativas nas filhas submetidas à indução química da carcinogênese mamária por DMBA. Assim, é possível concluir que apesar de ter alterado o desenvolvimento da glândula mamária, o consumo materno e/ou paterno de extrato de amora-preta não foi capaz de impactar sobre a suscetibilidade da prole feminina à carcinogênese mamária quimicamente induzida

Breast cancer is the second most prevalent type of cancer in the world and the most common among women. It is known that maternal and paternal food intake pattern are related to offspring susceptibility to non-communicable diseases, including cancer. Blackberry is one of the fruits with high antioxidant content and its compounds have antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. So, the aim of the present study was evaluate the effects of maternal and/or paternal blackberry extract consumption on female offspring susceptibility to chemically-induced breast carcinogenesis. Thus, C57BL/6 mice were divided into 4 groups: father blackberry (FB), mother blackberry (MB), father and mother blackberry (FMB) and control (CTRL). Fathers received blackberry extract from weaning during 8 weeks and the mothers were treated during gestation and lactation. Blackberry extract was given in the drink water (0.84g anthocyanins/L) ad libitum. Fathers treated with blackberry had a reduction on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the testis (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectivelly), an increase on plasmatic antioxidant capacity, percentage of normal sperm and daily sperm production in relation to control group (p<0.001 for all comparisons). Moreover, FB, MB and FMB groups had an increase of pregnancy rate (p<0.05) and a decrease of perinatal mortality (p<0.01, p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). Female offspring had a reduction of plasmatic antioxidant capacitity in FB (p<0.001) and MB (p<0.01) groups, while FMB group showed an increase in this parameter (p<0.001). On mammary gland development, it was observed higher epithelial development in FB, MB and FMB groups (p<0.001 for all comparisons), increased differentiation in MB and FMB groups (p<0.01 for both) and higher apoptosis rate in MB and FMB groups (p<0.05 for both), besides decreased TEBs number in FB, MB and FMB groups (p<0.01, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). It was not found significant differences in the female offspring submitted to chemically-induced breast carcinogenesis. So, it is possible to conclude that in spite of maternal and/or paternal blackberry extract consumption changed the mammary gland development, it was not able to change the female offspring susceptibility to chemically-induced breast carcinogenesis